CompTIA A+ Objectives: Full Breakdown with Examples

Understanding the CompTIA A+ objectives is a critical first step to earning your CompTIA A+ certification. Why? Diving into CompTIA A+ prep without understanding exactly what’s covered is like studying blind. With so many domains and technical subtopics, it’s easy to waste time or miss crucial areas. In this guide, you’ll find a clear breakdown of both CompTIA A+ core 1 objectives and CompTIA A+ core 2 objectives, sample practice questions, and quick study tips to help you pass with confidence.

CompTIA A+ 1101 (core 1) exam objectives

The CompTIA A+ 1101 exam objectives outline the essential skills required for today’s IT support professionals, covering everything from mobile devices and networking to hardware and troubleshooting. To get a complete overview, take a look at the breakdown below:

Domain 1: Mobile devices

Domain 1: Mobile devices

This section tests your ability to install and configure laptops and mobile devices. Key areas include:

1.1 Install and configure laptop hardware and components

• Know the location, function, and safe replacement of battery, keyboard, RAM (SODIMM), HDD/SSD, and wireless cards.
• Understand the difference between HDD (mechanical) and SSD (flash); know what migration/cloning means.
• Remember Wi-Fi card antenna connections and proper handling.
• Basic idea of biometric features (fingerprint, face recognition) and NFC scanners for physical device security.

1.2 Display components of mobile devices

• Compare LCD (IPS, TN, VA) and OLED displays: viewing angles, color, power usage.
• Know supporting parts: Wi-Fi antenna placement, webcam, microphone, touch screen/digitizer, inverter (older CCFL LCDs).
• Remember that Wi-Fi antennas are often routed around the screen bezel.

1.3 Configure accessories and ports

• Understand connection types: USB (various types), USB-C, Lightning, NFC, Bluetooth.
• Common accessories: stylus pens, headsets, docking stations, port replicators, and external trackpads.
• Difference: Docking station provides extra power + ports; port replicator mainly expands ports.

1.4 Mobile network connectivity and application support

• Know how to enable/disable 2G/3G/4G/5G, use hotspot, understand GSM vs. CDMA, and PRL updates.
• Basic steps for Bluetooth pairing: enable Bluetooth, search for device, enter PIN, test connection.
• Know the difference between GPS and cellular location services.
• Understand Mobile Device Management (MDM) and Mobile Application Management (MAM): configure corporate email, two-factor authentication, and company apps.
• Know how to sync mail, photos, calendar, and contacts with Microsoft 365, Google Workspace, or iCloud; be aware of data caps.

Study tip: The basics you learn here are directly related to troubleshooting in Domain 5. If you don’t know how to install, configure, or connect mobile devices properly, you’ll struggle to fix real-world problems when they happen. For example, you may see a question like this: 

“You’re looking at several connection options for a wireless speaker to use with your smartphone. Which wireless connection typically has a functional distance of 10 meters?”

• IR.
• Wi-Fi.
• NFC.
• Bluetooth.

Answer: Bluetooth.

So, make sure you practice by setting up a hotspot, pairing devices with Bluetooth, and recognizing common ports.

Want to practice more questions like this? Access our free Mobile devices practice test.

Domain 2: Networking

Domain 2: Networking

This domain assesses your understanding of networking concepts and connectivity solutions, including:

2.1 TCP and UDP ports, protocols, and purposes

• Know the well-known port numbers and their services: FTP (20/21), SSH (22), Telnet (23), SMTP (25), DNS (53), DHCP (67/68), HTTP (80), HTTPS (443), RDP (3389), etc.
• Understand the difference:
  • TCP = connection-oriented (e.g., SSH, HTTPS)
  • UDP = connectionless (e.g., DHCP, TFTP)

2.2 Common networking hardware

Identify and differentiate:

• Router: directs traffic between networks
• Switch: connects devices within a network (managed vs. unmanaged)
• Access point: provides wireless connectivity
• Hub: basic multi-port repeater
• Patch panel: organizes cables
• Firewall: controls traffic flow/security
• PoE (Power over Ethernet): injectors, PoE-capable switches
• Other: cable modem, DSL modem, ONT, NIC, SDN basics.

2.3 Wireless networking protocols

• Know Wi-Fi standards: 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac (Wi-Fi 5)/ax (Wi-Fi 6).
• Frequencies: 2.4 GHz vs 5 GHz (range, interference, speed differences).
• Understand channel overlap/interference.
• Other wireless: Bluetooth, NFC, RFID, long-range fixed wireless (licensed/unlicensed bands).

2.4 Networked host services

• Know common server roles: DNS, DHCP, file sharing, print server, mail server, Syslog, web server, AAA (Authentication, Authorization, Accounting).
• Internet appliances: spam gateways, UTM, proxy server, load balancer.
• Recognize legacy/embedded systems: SCADA, IoT devices.

2.5 Install and configure SOHO networks

• IP addressing basics:
  • IPv4 (public/private), IPv6, static vs. dynamic, APIPA.
  • The default gateway concept.
• Understand basic wired/wireless setup for a small/home office network.

2.6 Common network configuration concepts

• DNS records: A, AAAA, MX, TXT (including DKIM, SPF, DMARC for email security).
• DHCP: scopes, leases, reservations.
• Understand VLAN (virtual LAN) and VPN (virtual private network).

2.7 Internet connection and network types

• Internet connection types: DSL, Cable, Fiber, Satellite, Cellular, WISP.
• Network types: LAN, WAN, MAN, PAN, SAN, WLAN.
• Know their basic features and use cases.

2.8 Networking tools

• Common tools: crimper, cable stripper, punchdown tool, toner probe, cable tester, loopback plug, Wi-Fi analyzer, network tap.
• Know when and how to use each for cabling or signal troubleshooting.

Study tip: This domain of CompTIA A+ Core 1 objectives ties directly into real help desk tasks like setting up Wi-Fi, configuring IPs, or tracing cabling problems. 

Therefore, you should memorize port numbers and know how to troubleshoot connectivity using command-line tools. To make learning easier, practice with this free Networking practice test.

Domain 3: Hardware

Domain 3: Hardware

You’ll need to demonstrate knowledge of physical components and their installation, including:

3.1 Basic cable types, connectors, features, and purposes

• Know common network cables: Cat 5/5e/6/6a, coaxial, fiber optic.
• Understand plenum-rated cable vs. non-plenum (fire safety).
• Basic pinouts: T568A/T568B wiring standards for twisted pair cables.
• Common peripheral cables: USB 2.0, USB 3.0, Thunderbolt, serial.
• Video cables: HDMI, DisplayPort, DVI, VGA — know what each supports.
• Hard drive cables: SATA, eSATA, SCSI, IDE.
• Recognize connector types: RJ11, RJ45, F-type, ST, SC, LC, USB-C, Molex, Lightning, DB9.

3.2 Install the appropriate RAM

• Know laptop vs. desktop RAM: SODIMM vs. DIMM.
• Types: DDR3, DDR4, DDR5 — check compatibility and slots.
• Understand single, dual, triple, and quad-channel configurations.
• ECC RAM vs. non-ECC for workstations and servers.

3.3 Select and install storage devices

• Compare HDD and SSD: speed, reliability, form factors (2.5”, 3.5”).
• Know SSD interfaces: SATA, NVMe, PCIe; form factors: M.2, mSATA.
• Understand RAID levels (0, 1, 5, 10): striping, mirroring, parity.
• Common removable storage: USB flash drives, SD cards, optical drives.

3.4 Install and configure motherboards, CPUs, and add-on cards

• Identify motherboard form factors: ATX, ITX, microATX.
• Common connectors: PCI, PCIe, SATA, M.2 slots, power headers.
• CPU socket types: AMD, Intel; desktop vs. server vs. mobile CPUs.
• BIOS/UEFI basics: boot order, Secure Boot, TPM.
• Understand CPU architecture: x64/x86, ARM, single vs. multi-core, hyperthreading, virtualization support.
• Add-on cards: NIC, sound card, video card.
• Cooling: fans, heat sinks, thermal paste, liquid cooling.

3.5 Install or replace power supplies

• Know AC input ranges (110–120V vs. 220–240V).
• DC output voltages: 3.3V, 5V, 12V.
• 20-pin vs. 24-pin connectors.
• Understand redundant and modular power supplies.
• Check wattage requirements for upgrades.

3.6 Deploy and configure multifunction devices/printers

• Understand printer setup: drivers, USB/Ethernet/wireless connectivity.
• Printer sharing and print servers.
• Configure print settings: duplex, tray, orientation, and print int quality.
• Security: user authentication, secured print jobs, and audit logs.
• Network scan services: email, SMB share, cloud scanning.
• Recognize parts: ADF (automatic document feeder) vs. flatbed scanner.

3.7 Install and replace printer consumables

• Laser printers: toner, imaging drum, fuser assembly, transfer belt, rollers.
• Inkjet printers: ink cartridges, print heads, rollers.
• Thermal printers: thermal paper, heating elements.
• Impact printers: ribbons, tractor feed paper.
• 3D printers: filament, resin, print bed basics.

Knowing cable types, connectors, and component compatibility is essential for troubleshooting and upgrades. Expect questions such as:
“Which motherboard form factor has dimensions of 4.7″ x 4.7″?”

• Mini-ITX.
• Pico-ITX.
• Mobile-1TX.
• Nano-ITX.

Correct answer: Nano-ITX. Nano-ITX boards are 4.7 inches square. By comparison, Mini-ITX is 6.7″, Pico-ITX is 3.9″ x 2.8″, and Mobile-ITX is 2.4″ square.

Study tip: It is helpful to identify components from photos and practice building or upgrading a desktop PC. Let’s begin your practice with the Hardware practice test.

Domain 4: Virtualization and cloud computing

Domain 4: Virtualization and cloud computing

This domain introduces foundational cloud concepts and virtualization tools, covering:

4.1 Cloud computing concepts

• Know cloud models:
  • Private cloud: resources for one organization only
  • Public cloud: available to the public or many customers
  • Hybrid cloud: a mix of private and public services
  • Community cloud: shared by multiple related organizations
  • IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service): hardware resources over the Internet
  • SaaS (Software as a Service): software delivered online (e.g., Microsoft 365)
  • PaaS (Platform as a Service): an environment for developers to build apps
• Understand cloud characteristics:
  • Shared resources: hardware is pooled for multiple users
  • Metered use: You pay for what you use
  • Rapid elasticity: resources can scale quickly up or down
  • High availability: redundant resources to minimize downtime
  • File synchronization: files stay updated across devices automatically
• Know basic desktop virtualization:
  • VDI (Virtual Desktop Infrastructure) can be local/on-premises or hosted in the cloud
  • Users connect to a virtual desktop that runs on a remote server

4.2 Client-side virtualization

• Know why virtualization is used:
  • Sandbox testing (isolated test environment)
  • Running legacy software or an older OS
  • Application virtualization (run apps in isolated containers)
  • Cross-platform compatibility (running Linux on Windows, for example)
• Understand resource requirements:
  • The host machine must have enough CPU, RAM, and disk resources to run multiple VMs efficiently.
• Know basic security considerations:
  • Isolate VMs properly to prevent cross-VM attacks
  • Keep hypervisors updated to avoid exploits

Study tip: Know definitions well enough to explain them in plain language; this helps with performance-based questions. 

To learn the theory faster and remember it better, apply what you know with real Virtualization and Cloud Computing practice questions.

Domain 5: Hardware and network troubleshooting

Domain 5: Hardware and network troubleshooting

This section focuses on identifying and resolving hardware and network problems. Topics include:

5.1 Best practice methodology for problem resolution

Always follow a structured approach:

1. Identify the problem,  gather information, check user changes, and make backups if needed.
2. Establish a theory of probable cause, question the obvious, and research if necessary.
3. Test the theory, confirm or revise it.
4. Establish a plan of action, and follow vendor documentation if available.
5. Verify full system functionality, test thoroughly, and implement preventive measures.
6. Document findings, actions taken, and results.

5.2 Troubleshoot motherboards, RAM, CPU, and power

Recognize symptoms like:

• POST beeps
• Blue screen of death (BSOD)
• Black screen
• No power
• The system shuts down randomly
• Sluggish performance
• Overheating
• Burning smell
• Capacitor swelling
• Incorrect system date/time.

5.3 Troubleshoot storage drives and RAID arrays

Symptoms may include:

• Clicking/grinding noises
• Boot device not found
• RAID array failure
• S.M.A.R.T. errors
• Long read/write times
• Missing drives in the OS.

5.4 Troubleshoot video, projector, and display issues

Look for:

• No display
• Wrong input source
• Cabling issues
• Fuzzy image
• Dead pixels
• Display burn-in
• Dim or flashing screen
• Color issues
• No audio
• Burned-out projector bulb
• The projector shuts down unexpectedly.

5.5 Troubleshoot mobile devices

Common symptoms: Poor battery health, swollen battery, cracked screen, charging problems, weak or no signal, overheating, liquid damage, broken ports, malware, unresponsive touch, and drifting cursor.

5.6 Troubleshoot printer issues

Watch for: Paper jams, faded print, toner not fusing, ghosting, speckled pages, multiple pages stuck together, incorrect paper size, misfeeds, staple jams, hole punch jams, incorrect orientation, grinding noises.

5.7 Troubleshoot wired and wireless networks

Recognize network issues: Slow network speeds, intermittent connectivity, high latency, port flapping, jitter, poor VoIP quality, interference, and limited connectivity.

Study tip: This domain builds directly on all the install/configure knowledge from Domains 1–4. Practice walking through troubleshooting flowcharts for various scenarios, then test your skills with Hardware and Network Troubleshooting questions.

Study notes for the CompTIA A+ core 1 objectives

To sum up, these CompTIA A+ Core 1 exam objectives emphasize real-world problem solving.  Troubleshooting is the largest domain, so candidates should prioritize developing practical, hands-on skills alongside theoretical knowledge.

Ready to see how prepared you are? Take a complete CompTIA A+ 220-1101 (Core 1) Test at no cost and focus your study where it matters most.

CompTIA A+ 1102 (core 2) exam objectives

CompTIA A+ Core 2 objectives focus on operating systems, security, software troubleshooting, and professional procedures. Before diving deeper, it is useful to review the main domains covered by this exam.

Domain 1: Operating systems

Domain 1: Operating systems

This section covers installing, configuring, and managing different operating systems, their features, tools, and basic network settings.

1.1 Identify basic features of Microsoft Windows editions

Know the key differences between editions:

• Home: basic features, no domain join
• Pro: domain join, BitLocker, Remote Desktop, Group Policy Editor
• Enterprise: advanced features, more control, higher RAM support

1.2 Use Microsoft command-line tools

Key commands include:

• File/navigation: cd, dir, copy, xcopy, robocopy
• Disk/system: chkdsk, sfc, diskpart, format
• Networking: ipconfig, ping, tracert, netstat, nslookup
• Group Policy: gpupdate, gpresult
• Tip: Use /? for syntax help

1.3 Use Windows features and tools

Be able to use tools such as:

• Task Manager: processes, performance
• Event Viewer: logs errors and events
• Disk Management: create/format partitions
• System Configuration (msconfig): boot options, startup
• Registry Editor: advanced config
• Performance Monitor, Resource Monitor

1.4 Use Windows Control Panel utilities

• Internet Options, Devices and Printers, Programs and Features
• Network and Sharing Center, Windows Firewall, User Accounts
• File Explorer Options: show hidden files/extensions
• Power Options: sleep/hibernate

1.5 Use Windows Settings

Modern replacement for many Control Panel items:

• System, Devices, Network & Internet, Apps, Accounts, Privacy, Update & Security
• Common for Windows 10/11

1.6 Configure Windows networking

• Workgroup vs. domain join
• IP addressing: static/DHCP, DNS, gateway
• VPN basics, public/private network profiles
• Proxy settings, firewall rules

1.7 Apply application installation and configuration concepts

• System requirements: RAM, CPU, disk space
• Installation media: download, ISO, physical media
• Compatibility mode for older apps

1.8 Explain common OS types and file systems

• Windows, macOS, Linux, Chrome OS, iOS, Android
• File systems: NTFS, FAT32, exFAT, ext3, ext4, APFS
• Vendor lifecycle: EOL, patching

1.9 Perform OS installations and upgrades

• Boot methods: USB, optical, network
• Clean install vs. upgrade
• Partitioning: MBR, GPT
• Backups, driver checks

1.10 Identify macOS features and tools

• Install/uninstall apps (.dmg, .pkg, .app)
• System Preferences, Disk Utility, FileVault, Terminal, Keychain, Force Quit
• Time Machine for backups

1.11 Identify Linux features and tools

• Terminal commands: ls, pwd, mv, cp, rm, chmod, chown, sudo, apt-get, yum
• File sharing basics (Samba)
• Updates, security, backups

Study tip: This domain is heavy on Windows tasks but includes macOS and Linux basics. For example, you might see a question like:

“To view the contents of a file named bogus.txt, which command would you use?”

• chown.
• chmod.
• cp.
• cat.

Correct answer: cat

Practicing running command-line tools and doing common configuration tasks in a virtual lab will help you feel confident.

Practice doesn’t have to be hard; you can try quick Operating Systems quizzes.

Domain 2: Security

Domain 2: Security

This section focuses on securing devices, networks, and data using physical, logical, and software measures.

2.1 Common physical security measures

• Door locks, badge readers, smart cards, biometrics (fingerprint, retina).
• Security guards, CCTV cameras, motion detectors.
• Mantraps to prevent tailgating.

2.2 Logical security concepts

• Principle of least privilege: limit user permissions.
• Access Control Lists (ACLs): control file and folder access.
• Multifactor Authentication (MFA): combines two or more factors.
• Directory services basics: Active Directory, Group Policy.

2.3 Wireless security protocols and authentication

• Encryption: WPA, WPA2, WPA3; TKIP (older) vs. AES (modern).
• Authentication services: RADIUS, TACACS+, Kerberos.

2.4 Malware removal

• Identify symptoms: slowdowns, pop-ups, unexpected behavior.
• Quarantine infected systems.
• Disable System Restore (Windows).
• Remediate: update antivirus, scan, and remove malware.
• Schedule future scans and updates.
• Educate users on prevention.

2.5 Social engineering, threats, and vulnerabilities

• Attacks: phishing, spear phishing, vishing (voice), smishing (SMS), whaling (executives).
• Tactics: shoulder surfing, dumpster diving, tailgating.
• Threats: DoS/DDoS, spoofing, zero-day exploits, brute force.

2.6 Best practices for securing a workstation

• Disable guest accounts, and rename default admin accounts.
• Strong passwords: complexity, rotation, and reuse policy.
• Screensaver lock, inactivity timeouts.
• OS updates and patching.
• Use antivirus/anti-malware software.
• Least privilege for user accounts.

2.7 Mobile device security

Know how to:

• Set screen locks: PIN, password, pattern, biometric.
• Use remote wipe, locator apps, and remote backups.
• Encrypt storage and SD cards.
• Install apps only from trusted sources.
• Understand BYOD policies: protect company data, wipe on exit.

2.8 Data destruction and disposal best practices

• Physical destruction: shred, drill, incinerate, degauss drives.
• Logical: secure erase, multiple overwrites.
• Certificates of destruction for compliance.

2.9 Secure SOHO wireless and wired networks

• Change default admin usernames/passwords.
• Use WPA2/WPA3; avoid WEP.
• Disable SSID broadcast if needed.
• Enable MAC filtering (limited use).
• Update router/AP firmware regularly.
• Secure physical placement; disable unused ports.

Study tip: Security questions often focus on realistic scenarios: how to spot phishing, properly dispose of old drives, or secure a home router.

Always think layered security: physical, logical, and user awareness, and practice Security questions.

Domain 3: Software troubleshooting

Domain 3: Software troubleshooting

Here, you’re tested on how to fix issues related to operating systems and applications.

3.1 Troubleshoot Microsoft Windows OS problems

Recognize common symptoms:

• Slow performance, system lock-ups, Safe Mode boots.
• Blue screen of death (BSOD) or proprietary crash screens.
• Services fail to start, missing DLLs/files.
• Application crashes or compatibility errors.
• Windows update failures.

3.2 Troubleshoot PC security issues

Look for signs of:

• Malware infection: pop-ups, browser redirects, suspicious processes.
• Unauthorized access attempts, access denied errors.
• Invalid or expired security certificates.
• Unauthorized software or processes running in Task Manager.

3.3 Troubleshoot application security issues

• Apps are failing due to permissions or a lack of access rights.
• Apps blocked by the firewall or antivirus.
• Untrusted or revoked certificates.
• Problems with blacklisting/whitelisting.
• Outdated plug-ins/add-ons.

3.4 Troubleshoot mobile OS and app issues

Watch for:

• App freezes or unexpectedly quits.
• Failed OS updates.
• The battery drains quickly after updates.
• Connectivity problems: Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, cellular data.
• Frozen screen or unresponsive touch.

Study tip: Software troubleshooting relies on identifying clear symptoms and knowing which tools to use: Event Viewer, Task Manager, antivirus scans, Safe Mode, or rollback options. 

Therefore, you should study by walking through real-world issues and outlining the fix process. 

Don’t have a chance to practice yet? Try this Software Troubleshooting Practice Test now!

Domain 4: Operational procedures

Domain 4: Operational procedures

This domain focuses on workplace safety, documentation, and professional conduct.

4.1 Documentation, change management, and policies

• Keep accurate network diagrams, asset inventories, and baselines.
• Follow change management: submit a request, analyze the impact, get approval, test, document, and have a backout plan.
• Policies: acceptable use (AUP), password rules, BYOD guidelines, and incident response procedures.

4.2 Disaster prevention and recovery

• Backup types: full, incremental, differential, image-based.
• Test backups and restores regularly.
• Use UPS and surge protectors for hardware.
• Redundancy plan: failover, clustering, cold/hot/warm sites for continuity.

4.3 Basic safety procedures

• ESD safety: wrist straps, mats, proper handling.
• Electrical safety: unplug equipment, remove jewelry, proper tools.
• Lifting techniques: bend knees, lift with legs.
• Fire safety: classes A/B/C, proper extinguishers.
• MSDS/SDS: handle chemicals (e.g., printer toner) safely.

4.4 Environmental impacts and controls

• Dispose of e-waste properly: batteries, CRTs, and toner cartridges.
• Follow local regulations for recycling.
• Control dust, maintain temperature/humidity in server rooms.
• Use air filters, manage cables for airflow.

4.5 Professionalism and communication

• Use clear, respectful language with customers.
• Listen actively, don’t interrupt, and restate to confirm.
• Avoid jargon with non-technical users.
• Set expectations: timeline, next steps, follow-up.
• Document everything.
• Maintain user data privacy.

4.6 Basics of remote support

• Use secure remote tools: VPN, remote desktop.
• Verify the user’s identity.
• Inform the user before performing actions remotely.
• Keep the connection secure.
• Document what you did during the remote session.
  

Study tip: Know best practices and memorize standard procedures; you’re expected to be “test-ready” even without experience. For example: 

“What best practice helps an administrator keep track of the perimeters and boundaries of data flow inside the environment they manage? “

• Asset tagging
• Change management
• Password policy
• Network topology diagrams

The best practice is network topology diagrams because they visually show how devices and connections are arranged, defining network boundaries. This helps administrators monitor and control data flow effectively.

Therefore, understanding concepts like how to map and monitor network boundaries is essential.

Quick study note for the CompTIA A+ core 2 objectives

The CompTIA A+ 1102 objectives are generally considered more concept-heavy than the 1101, mainly due to their focus on security and software troubleshooting. 

To reinforce your knowledge, take the full-length CompTIA A+ 220-1102 (Core 2) Test to familiarize yourself with the exam format and question types.

FAQs

1. What is CompTIA A+ Core 1 about?

CompTIA A+ Core 1 objectives focus on foundational hardware, networking, mobile devices, and troubleshooting skills. It covers topics like installing and configuring devices, understanding network concepts, and identifying common hardware issues. This exam tests your ability to support and maintain various types of IT equipment and environments.

2. What is CompTIA A+ Core 2 about?

CompTIA A+ Core 2 objectives center on operating systems, software troubleshooting, security fundamentals, and operational procedures. It tests your ability to manage and support OS environments, resolve software issues, implement security best practices, and handle user permissions and data protection.

3. Which is the hardest part of the CompTIA A+ exam?

Many learners find that networking topics in Core 1 and security topics in Core 2 are the hardest parts. These sections contain lots of technical terms and require you to understand how things work, not just memorize facts. You also need to solve realistic scenarios, and that can be tricky without practice.

Final thoughts

Understanding the CompTIA A+ objectives, from Core 1 (1101) to Core 2 (1102, gives you a clear roadmap to study smarter, not harder. Use the objectives as your guide to stay focused, tackle real-world scenarios, and build the confidence you need to pass the exam and succeed in an IT support role. Keep practicing, stay consistent, and you’ll be ready to earn your A+ certification!